Neoplasia
1. Define neoplasia.
Neoplasia is the process of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that can form a mass or tumor. These abnormal growths can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
2. Give some example of benign tumor.
Examples of benign tumors include:
- Lipoma: A tumor of fatty tissue.
- Adenoma: A tumor of glandular tissue.
- Fibroma: A tumor of fibrous tissue.
- Chondroma: A tumor of cartilage.
3. Components of a neoplasia. On which component classification of tumor depends?
Components of a neoplasia include:
- Parenchyma: The functional cells of the tumor.
- Stroma: The supportive tissue, including blood vessels and connective tissue.
The classification of a tumor primarily depends on the parenchyma because it determines the tumor’s biological behavior and its name.
4. Define carcinoma and sarcoma. Give example of carcinoma and sarcoma.
- Carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial cells. Examples include adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
- Sarcoma: A malignant tumor that arises from mesenchymal (connective) tissues. Examples include osteosarcoma and liposarcoma.
5. Tell difference between papilloma and polyp.
- Papilloma: A benign tumor originating from epithelial cells, forming finger-like projections.
- Polyp: A mass that projects above a mucosal surface, which can be benign or malignant.
6. Tell two most important features that differentiate a malignant tumor from a benign tumor.
The two most important features are:
- Invasiveness: Malignant tumors invade and destroy surrounding tissues, while benign tumors do not.
- Metastasis: Malignant tumors can spread to distant sites, while benign tumors do not metastasize.
7. Define benign tumor. Give some example of benign tumor. Tell some malignant tumor having suffix “oma”.
- Benign tumor: A non-cancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. Examples include lipoma, adenoma, and fibroma.
- Examples of malignant tumors with an “oma” suffix include melanoma and lymphoma.
8. What is teratoma?
A teratoma is a type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissues, such as hair, muscle, and bone. They can be benign or malignant and often occur in the ovaries or testes.
9. Define malignant tumor. Give some example of malignant tumor.
A malignant tumor is a cancerous growth that has the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Examples include carcinoma and sarcoma.
10. What is differentiation? Tell importance of differentiation.
Differentiation refers to how much tumor cells resemble their normal tissue of origin, both in structure and function. Well-differentiated tumors tend to grow and spread more slowly, making them less aggressive compared to poorly differentiated tumors.
11. What is pleomorphism?
Pleomorphism is the variability in the size and shape of cells and their nuclei seen in malignant tumors. It indicates a high degree of abnormality and is a sign of malignancy.
12. What is dysplasia? Tell example of organs where dysplasia occurs.
Dysplasia refers to abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs. It is often a precursor to cancer. Dysplasia commonly occurs in the:
- Cervix (cervical dysplasia)
- Respiratory tract (bronchial dysplasia)
- Gastrointestinal tract (colonic dysplasia)
13. Mention features of anaplasia. What is carcinoma in situ?
- Anaplasia features include:
- Loss of differentiation
- High nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
- Increased mitotic activity
- Abnormal mitotic figures
- Pleomorphism
- Carcinoma in situ: A cancer that has not invaded through the basement membrane, remaining localized to its site of origin.
14. What is adenoma?
An adenoma is a benign tumor of glandular tissue, often found in tissues like the thyroid, adrenal glands, or colon.
15. Mention important difference between carcinoma & sarcoma.
Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells, whereas sarcomas arise from mesenchymal cells. Carcinomas are more common and typically occur in organs like the skin, lungs, and colon, while sarcomas are rarer and found in bones, muscles, and connective tissues.
16. Define tumor. Tell difference between benign & malignant neoplasia.
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from excessive cell division. Differences include:
- Benign neoplasia: Non-cancerous, slow-growing, well-differentiated, encapsulated, and non-invasive.
- Malignant neoplasia: Cancerous, rapidly growing, poorly differentiated, invasive, and capable of metastasis.
17. What is desmoplastic syndrome?
Desmoplastic reaction is the host response to a tumor, leading to the formation of dense fibrous tissue, often seen in pancreatic and breast cancers.
18. Define polyp. Define Papilloma. Define Adenoma.
- Polyp: A growth projecting from a mucous membrane.
- Papilloma: A benign epithelial tumor characterized by finger-like projections.
- Adenoma: A benign tumor of glandular origin.
19. Define neoplasm. Classify neoplasm.
A neoplasm is a new, abnormal growth of tissue. Neoplasms can be classified as:
- Benign: Non-invasive and non-metastatic.
- Malignant: Invasive, capable of metastasis, includes carcinomas and sarcomas.
20. What is Pancoastic syndrome. Give example of it.
Pancoastic syndrome is a set of symptoms caused by a tumor located at the apex of the lung. Symptoms include shoulder pain, Horner’s syndrome, and brachial plexus dysfunction. An example is a Pancoast tumor.
21. What is mucoid degeneration?
Mucoid degeneration is the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides within connective tissue, leading to a jelly-like consistency. It’s often seen in tissues like tendons and cartilage.
22. Define metastasis. Mention 3 pathways of dissemination of tumor.
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites. Pathways include:
- Hematogenous spread: Through blood vessels.
- Lymphatic spread: Through lymphatic vessels.
- Seeding within body cavities: Direct spread into body cavities like the peritoneum.
TERİMLER:
- Neoplasia: Yeni ve anormal doku büyümesi.
- Polyp: Mukozal yüzeyden yukarı doğru çıkan kitle.
- Differentiation: Tümör hücrelerinin normal hücreye ne kadar benzediği.
